Reference

Lab test reference

What's behind the numbers on your report: reference ranges, why a marker runs high or low, and when a deviation is worth acting on. Every entry is reviewed by a doctor.

Lab results are not a verdict or a diagnosis β€” they are data that need to be read correctly. The same marker can fall outside its reference range for a dozen reasons, from how you prepared for the draw to the lab's own methodology. This reference covers markers one at a time: what the test measures, which values count as normal, why a result runs high or low, and which steps are worth discussing with your doctor.

The reference is growing. If the marker you need isn't here yet, browse the Analyses & Diagnostics category for in-depth guides by marker group.

Markers

Markers by group

Each marker is a standalone explainer: what the test measures, the reference range, why it runs high or low. Pick a group and open the marker you need.

Complete Blood Count

Hemoglobin, red and white cells, platelets, ESR β€” the baseline picture of your blood.

Blood Biochemistry

Liver and kidney markers, proteins, uric acid β€” how your internal organs are working.

Glucose & Carbohydrate Metabolism

Glucose, HbA1c, insulin and insulin-resistance indices.

Lipid Panel

Cholesterol and its fractions, triglycerides β€” cardiovascular risk assessment.

Iron & Anemia

Ferritin, serum iron, TIBC, transferrin β€” iron stores and transport.

Thyroid

TSH, free T3 and T4, TPO antibodies β€” thyroid function.

Hormones

Sex hormones, cortisol, prolactin β€” hormonal balance and reproductive health.

Vitamins & Minerals

Vitamin D, B12, folate, magnesium and other common deficiencies.

Inflammation & Autoimmunity

C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, IL-6 β€” markers of acute inflammation and infection; rheumatoid factor, anti-CCP, ASO β€” autoimmune and post-infection tests.

Coagulation

Fibrinogen, aPTT, INR, D-dimer β€” the blood-clotting system.

Tumor Markers

PSA, CA-125 and others β€” when they are informative and when they only cause worry.

Urinalysis

Urinalysis and its markers β€” the kidneys and urinary tract.

Guides

In-depth topic guides

Longer reads on how to interpret your labs: marker groups, common pre-test mistakes, reference ranges.

Brittle Nails and Dry Skin: Which Lab Tests to Run

Brittle Nails and Dry Skin: Which Lab Tests to Run

Brittle nails and dry skin can signal iron deficiency, thyroid trouble, or low vitamin D or B12 β€” here are the lab tests to...

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Itchy Skin Without a Rash: Liver, Kidney or Blood? Which Tests

Itchy Skin Without a Rash: Liver, Kidney or Blood? Which Tests

Generalized itchy skin with no rash can point to your liver, kidneys, thyroid, iron or blood. Learn which lab tests to run and the...

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Night Leg Cramps: Which Lab Tests Reveal the Cause

Night Leg Cramps: Which Lab Tests Reveal the Cause

Night leg cramps waking you at 2 a.m.? See which lab tests β€” magnesium, electrolytes, kidney, thyroid and glucose β€” reveal the cause, plus...

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Numbness in Hands and Feet: Which Tests β€” B12, Sugar, Thyroid

Numbness in Hands and Feet: Which Tests β€” B12, Sugar, Thyroid

Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet? See which lab tests β€” B12, blood sugar, thyroid β€” find the cause, plus the red...

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Swelling in Legs and Face: Which Lab Tests Find the Cause

Swelling in Legs and Face: Which Lab Tests Find the Cause

Swelling in the legs or face can point to kidney, heart, thyroid or low-protein problems. See which lab tests find the cause, plus the...

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Vitamin D in Summer: Does the Sun Replace Supplements?

Vitamin D in Summer: Does the Sun Replace Supplements?

Does summer sun replace your vitamin D supplement? Who still runs low in summer, whether you can overdose, and how to test and read...

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Is Prediabetes Reversible? Realistic HbA1c and Weight Goals in 3–6 Months

Is Prediabetes Reversible? Realistic HbA1c and Weight Goals in 3–6 Months

Prediabetes is reversible. Here are the realistic HbA1c and weight targets you can hit in 3-6 months, backed by the Diabetes Prevention Program data....

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Statin Monitoring Labs: What to Check Every 3 Months on Therapy

Statin Monitoring Labs: What to Check Every 3 Months on Therapy

Afraid of statins? Learn which labs to retest 3 months after starting therapy, what numbers actually matter, and which extra tests are a waste...

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Lab Reference Ranges Online vs. Your Lab: Why They Differ

Lab Reference Ranges Online vs. Your Lab: Why They Differ

Why every lab report shows different reference intervals, how the 95% rule works, and how to read your results without panic over a borderline...

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All analyses & diagnostics

Wizey

Understand your own results

Upload your report β€” Wizey explains each marker in plain language, flags what deserves attention, and helps you prepare questions for your doctor. It's not a substitute for a consultation, just a way to show up prepared.

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